Professional Accounting Business Auditors

Question: Describe about the Professional Accounting for Business Auditors. Answer: What is the role of auditors? Describe their role in the Enron Scandal. Discuss the responsibility that auditors bear in such a situation. Auditors and auditing firm are those groups of people that protect the interest and management of business organisation has complied with applicable laws. Audit can be defined as the systematic process of examination of financial statements of business organisation i.e. auditors has to ensure true ands view of financial statements. Role of auditors Role of auditor is to check internal control system that is present in entity but not to implement internal control system. Auditors role is to independently assess, examine and put its opinion on internal control system. Under internal control audit performed by auditors can provide recommendation to management but not required to implement those recommendations. Role of auditor is to act in best interest of shareholders and public at large. Role of auditor includes representative and protector of shareholders and public. Any misstatement or fraud detected by auditors shall bring to the notice of share holders through audit report (Dibra, 2016, 22-29). Another role of auditor is to audit the financial statements of the business entity. This role of auditor shall be kept far away from the role of consultant of management. As a consultant, auditors can give advice to management of business organisation. These advices are related to betterment of financial statements and making adjustments in financial statements while presenting. Role of auditors in Enron Case Enron Scandal had been uplifted in 2001 and since then questions on auditors and their roles and responsibilities has been raised. Enron Scandal pinpoints systematic accounting and auditing fraud in its financial statements that has lifted its stock prises (McLennan and Park, 2016, 55-60). Relying on auditors report of Enron, Arthur Andersen Company, put many shareholders in loss. In this case, Arthur Andersen Company has supported such fraud by indulging in window dressing of financial statements of Enron (Brown et al., 2014, 425-430). This scandal has puts many questions on roles and responsibilities of auditors while performing audit of any entity. In case of Enron, auditor had merged both the roles and has acted in the capacity of auditor and management consultant (Crockett and Ali, 2015, 80). This act of auditor Enron, Arthur Andersen Company diluted the real role and responsibility as auditor that they have towards share holders and public. As a consultant Arthur Andersen Company has provided various advices to Enron enterprise like merger, acquisition, de-merger, sub division and other management decision related consultancy. In the capacity of consultant, auditor of Enron has provided services for restructuring of financial statements in order to adjust management transactions (merger, acquisition, demerger, etc). Therefore auditor has performed both their roles at the same time and lacks or ignores most important responsibility of being independent and free from biasness. Auditor plays important role in Enron scandal in helping management in conducting fraud in financial statements by providing unqualified opinion on false or material misstated financial statements. It is not possible that auditors are not aware of the facts that management and directors has misstated or indulge in such activities. Auditors acting as a consultant of Enron, has co-operated with the management for committing fraud. Another fact that auditors of Enron, Arthur Andersen Company, are auditors of Enron for past many years and are aware about all facts (Dogui et al., 2014, 17-23). Therefore this situation also proves that auditors, Arthur Andersen Company, has played important role in Enron scandal. Enron has used the concept of consolidation of accounts as they had created a SPE (Special purpose entity) with auditors to play major role in it. Then at that point of time role of auditor comes into play in terms of making full disclosure to share holders regarding act of mana gement of Enron (Brown et al., 2014, 425-430). Auditors are not able to perform their duties or role as protector of interest of share holders. Responsibility of auditors Auditors conduct audit of financial statements and following are roles of auditors: Opinion on financial statements- Primary role and responsibility of auditors is to provide opinion on financial statements. They are not responsible for correcting or rectifying but to examine and then make opinion on financial performance of business entity. Opinion of auditor is to opine that financial statements of business organisation are free from material misstatement. Auditors are not required to rectify miss-statements in financial statements of business entity but to establish their opinion (Simpson et al., 2016, 710-714). Opinion of auditors is based on detailed examination and verification of books of accounts. In Enron scandal, auditors, Arthur Andersen Company, fails to perform this responsibility as they had provided biased opinion on financial statements of Enron. Protection to shareholders- Another responsibility of auditors is to protect stakeholders of the business organisation by examining actual financial position of the business organisation. Auditors have responsibility to reflect its opinion on truth and fairness of financial statements of business organisation. This is one of most important responsibility of auditor to protect interest of share holders and group of stake holders who are interested business entity (Blythe, 2015, 198-206). In case of Enron scandal, auditors was failed to perform this responsibility as they provided false opinion on financial statements and financial position of Enron. Enron has incorporated special purpose entity for diverting assets and debt to show strong financial statements (Zager et al., 2016, 695-698). Conflict of interest- Conflict of interest is the situation where auditor is not independent towards his / her work or in disclosing true and fair view of financial statements of business organisation. It is the responsibility of auditor to free from any biasness; same has been encountered in the case of Enron Scandal. In this case, auditor had not performed its responsibility of making themself free from conflict of interest, many directors and management had influenced auditor for such conduct (Bazrafshan, 2016, 305). Therefore it can be said that, it is the primary responsibility of auditors to check and examine independence in any business entity. Another point that shall be noted is that Arthur Andersen Company is the auditor for Enron for many years and is aware financial position. Detection of fraud and informing management- Responsibility of auditors include detection of frauds and errors that are present in financial statements of business entity. Detailed examination and application of audit techniques while performing audit are expected from auditors appointed by business entity (Hoffman et al., 2014, 103-110). This responsibility of auditor is lacking in the case of Enron, they are required to inform management and to share holders through audit report. Conclusion At last it can be concluded that auditors of any business entity are well aware of financial position while performing their duties. Earlier auditors enjoy liberty of not having any penal provisions on their negligence of work or indulging in fraud. But as Enrons scandal becomes public, it was warning alarm for professional bodies and for professionals. There are certain roles of auditors that they are required to perform while discharging their duties. Auditor shall clearly distinguish their two major roles i.e. as management consultant and as auditor of business organisation. Enron scandal has separated these two roles or services from each other and more transparent vision can be seen from here. Responsibility of auditor includes maintaining independence while performing their duties ad shall be free from any biasness. References Bazrafshan, S. (2016). Exploring expectation gap among independent auditors' points of view and university students about importance of fraud risk components. Iranian Journal of Management Studies, 9(2), 305. Blythe, S. E. (2015). The in pari delicto defense for auditors in professional negligence cases: Imputation of managers unlawful acts to the client firm. Accounting, Economics and Law - A Convivium, 5(2), 193-226. doi:10.1515/ael-2013-0057 Brown, V. L., Daugherty, B. E., Persellin, J. S. (2014). Satyam fraud: A case study of india's enron. Issues in Accounting Education, 29(3), 419-442. doi:10.2308/iace-50735 Crockett, M., Ali, M. J. (2015). Auditor independence and accounting conservatism: Evidence from australia following the corporate law economic reform program. International Journal of Accounting and Information Management, 23(1), 80. Dibra, R. (2016). Corporate governance failure: The case of enron and parmalat. European Scientific Journal, 12(16) doi:10.19044/esj.2016.v12n16p283 Dogui, K., Boiral, O., Heras?Saizarbitoria, I. (2014). Audit fees and auditor independence: The case of ISO 14001 certification. International Journal of Auditing, 18(1), 14-26. doi:10.1111/ijau.12008 Hoffman, W. M., Frederick, R. E., Schwartz, M. S. (2014;2013;). Business ethics: Readings and cases in corporate morality (Fifth;5;5th; ed.). US: Wiley-Blackwell. McLennan, A., Park, I. (2016). The market for liars: Reputation and auditor honesty. International Journal of Economic Theory, 12(1), 49-66. doi:10.1111/ijet.12080 Simpson, S. N. Y., Aboagye-Otchere, F., Lovi, R. (2016). Internal auditing and assurance of corporate social responsibility reports and disclosures: Perspectives of some internal auditors in ghana. Social Responsibility Journal, 12(4), 706-718. doi:10.1108/SRJ-09-2015-0134 Zager, L., Malis, S. S., Novak, A. (2016). The role and responsibility of auditors in prevention and detection of fraudulent financial reporting. Procedia Economics and Finance, 39, 693-700. doi:10.1016/S2212-5671(16)30291-X

Women as Political Leaders an Example by

Women as Political Leaders America has seen great women for centuries whose achievements gave pride to the country. Today, their influence goes beyond the borders of homes and into the corridors of power as they become presidents, prime ministers, cabinet members, and legislators. Women occupy half of the population in the world and comprise 50% of the workforce. Indeed, there is a need for women as political leaders to address fully the issues and problems facing a nation like the United States. The presence of women in government is very essential to democracy as they balance opinion in policy-making decisions. Women have proven their ability as world leaders and public servants symbolized by Britains Margaret Thatcher and Indias Indira Gandhi. Lately, Nancy Pelosi made history as the first woman to assume House Speaker of the US Congress. Madeleine Albright and Condoleezza Rice occupied powerful seats in the cabinet as State Secretary with excellent track records. Need essay sample on "Women as Political Leaders" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed People Usually Tell EssayLab support: Who wants to write paper for me? Rely On Our Help In Essay Writing In the Philippines, two women were elevated to the presidency through a peoples revolution to replace two corrupt leaders. A simple housewife Corazon Aquino defeated the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos while the current President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo liberated the Filipinos from Joseph Estrada now detained for plunder. With their brand of leadership skills, the women have shown their worth and what they can do. Women want to influence the decisions that affect their lives and the lives of their families, the political economy, and destiny of their communities and nations, as well as the structure of international relations. Political participation and representation are essential for the achievement of these end (Banerjee and Oquist 3). Despite their strong presence in politics, the women still suffer discrimination and stereotyping as regards to their traditional roles as wife and mother. Ironically in America, the number one democratic country, women are misrepresented in gover nment where only 16 out of 100 senators are females, and only 71 out of 435 representatives in Congress are females. The US places 68th in the ranking worldwide regarding the number of women having government posts. Some studies reveal that women, as leaders, are good in building partnerships and strengthening relationships to bring people together in a consensus by bridging the gap of groups with diverse views. According to Mary Hawkesworth, director of the Center for Women and Politics, women are great negotiators and effective advocates for many causes. Women tend to ask more questions to listen to all sides of the problems and come up with better solutions. They are inclined to make legislation or formulate policies that have a social impact like health care, education, environment, child support, employment, finance, and family values. Listening to womens voices might also bring fresh perspectives and insights into the values debates. Women living, working, and building communities at the grassroots of American society may have a different voice about what moral values mean and what they demand of American citizens. Their ideas may change the way we debate politics and policymaking about a variety of issues (Caiazza 1). A study by the United Nations showed that women lead in resolving conflicts and promoting peace and security. They are good communicators, creative, and able to perform multi-tasking activities just like in the homes where they cook, raise children, and do all sorts of household chores. Unlike men, they do not normally seek personal glory but focus on what they can contribute engaging mostly in collaborative politics. In another study conducted by Hagberg Consulting Group in California where 425 corporate executives were evaluated, the women scored very high in everything they did and were graded as effective leaders than men. They also received high marks when it comes to reliability since they are less confrontational and give importance to what direction to take. Further research disclosed that women are more honest and trustworthy than men because they have higher moral and ethical standards. Research sponsored by the World Bank has shown that countries with a high number of wome n in parliament enjoy lower levels of corruption. It also concluded that women are less likely to be involved in bribery and that corruption is less severe where women make up a large share of senior government officials as well as the labor force (Hunt 2). Also, women have the high tolerance when everything seems discouraging and possess the emotional strength to hold on hope. However, despite their competitiveness and capabilities, women continue to face several obstacles to make it to the top. First, politics is predominantly cultured by men. Second, women running for public office often lack support from various organizations. Third, they do not have access to well-developed educational and training system. Fourth, most women lack confidence in themselves. Nevertheless, women have contributed significantly to the economic, political, and social structure of any country. Their vision calls for cooperation of every citizen to shape a more productive nation. While the debate about enfranchisement of women and participation of women in decision making often focuses on issues of justice, equity, and human rights, the representation of women and the inclusion of their perspective and experience into the decision-making process will inevit ably lead to solutions that are more viable and satisfy a broader range of society. That is why women should be part of the process and why it matters: all of the society benefits as we find better and more appropriate solutions for our problems (Ballington and Karan 15). Slowly, public opinion on women as leaders is transforming to a positive attitude. However, there is also a need to change notions that in taking charge of a country or society women should not be forced to act like men but be themselves without losing their female qualities. By this time, women are now ready to take on the world, and they deserve our support. References Hamadeh-Banerjee, Lina, and Oquist, Paul. Womens Political Participation and Good Governance: 21st Century Challenges. United Nations Development Programme. 2000. Caiazza, Amy Ph.D. The Ties That Bind: Womens Public Vision for Politics, Religion, and Civil Society. Institute for Womens Policy Research. Hunt, Swanee. Let women Rule. Foreign Affairs, May-June 2007. Ballington, Julie and Karam, Azza. Women in Parliament: Beyond Numbers. International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Revised Edition. 2005.

Sample Bar Exam Essay Questions Criminal Law

Sample Bar Exam Essay Questions Criminal LawEven though some colleges have nothing to do with criminal law, it is still important to learn how to prepare for the sample bar exam essay questions criminal law. Since these questions will be presented at the end of the test, and since the sample essays are intended to give students a good idea of what to expect, it is important to know what you should be looking for in order to ace the test.One of the best ways to begin your preparation is to read through as much information as you can about the question that you will be tested on. Researching for samples or answering previous essay questions about the same topic can help you put together a strategy for answering the question you will be asked on the exam. The sample test questions you study on will be different from each other, but the techniques that you will use are very similar.In order to ace the sample exam, you will need to avoid answering every question that is asked. You should only answer the questions that you know the answer to correctly. This will help you focus on the answers you need to provide while also paying attention to the questions that are asked.The sample bar exam questions criminal law you will be given will cover a wide range of topics, but there are a few topics that are more common than others. Some of the most common questions that you will be asked include, 'What is criminal homicide?' and 'Who are the victims of murder?'Before writing any essay that deals with criminal law, it is important to familiarize yourself with the different subjects that are covered in the test. Knowing what the topic of the test is, will make it easier to write an essay that will not only demonstrate your knowledge of the topic, but will also ensure that your essay is effective and not rife with grammatical errors.It is important to remember that the sample bar exam essay questions criminal law are meant to be light and easy so that you do not waste your time with unnecessary details. If you spend too much time on any one detail, you may miss the main point of the essay that you were originally planning to present. Making sure that you only cover important points will allow you to read over your essay again in order to pinpoint mistakes that you made.Another technique that you can use is to rewrite the essay several times until you find out which parts of it work best and which ones do not. After reading several different versions of the paper, you will find that certain sentences stand out from the rest and which ones you wish to change. Rewriting the essay multiple times may not always be a viable option, however, as you may find it is easier to incorporate some of the changes you make into the original text.Being prepared for the sample bar exam essay questions criminal law is not difficult to do, but it can make a big difference in how well you do on the exam. Preparing for the test ahead of time will ensure that you are able to ans wer all the questions in the shortest amount of time possible and will make you able to use your essay topic to give you the edge that you need on the test.

Essay on Aging grandparentsEssay Writing Service

Essay on Aging grandparentsEssay Writing Service Essay on Aging grandparents Essay on Aging grandparentsWhat could society do to prevent homelessness among the aged?Society could develop the proper strategies to prevent homelessness among the aged. For example, it is possible to develop effective policies aimed at promoting positive relationships between the aged and their relatives. These policies should be based on morale as they could help to prevent the aged from becoming homeless. Besides, it is necessary to improve the system of benefits for older AmericansShould aging grandparents who are raising their grandchildren receive assistance from social service agencies? If so, what type of services should be provided?Aging grandparents who are raising their grandchildren should receive assistance from social service agencies. They should receive financial support, education training and psychological assistance. These types of services are crucial to them.Discuss some of the benefits to seniors who volunteer?Some of the benefits to seniors who volunteer incl ude not only social benefits, but also developing a sense of accomplishment, happiness and satisfaction. Many seniors are involved in volunteering in order to help others. They fulfill their moral responsibility.Discuss alternative living opportunities for seniors. What could communities do to support alternate living options for seniors?Alternative living opportunities for seniors include independent living facilities, medical assistance and other types of care, entertainment opportunities, such as well-organized social events with other seniors, and other alternative living opportunities. Communities could do much to support alternate living options for seniors. For example, communities could provide financial support and moral support (counseling, participation in community events).Why are women most likely to take responsibility for the care of the frail elderly?Women are most likely to take responsibility for the care of the frail elderly because they experience greater level o f empathy to the aged than men. They are kinder and tenderer to others. Besides, women better understand the problems of others.Discuss how gender, race and ethnicity affect an older person’s health?Gender, race and ethnicity affect an older person’s health to a great extent. The aged from minority groups live below the poverty line. They are more vulnerable to discrimination. Most of them get poor health care services because of low social status.How is long term care of the elderly financed in the United States? Discuss how this might affect those of low, middle and high income levels.Long term care of the elderly is financed in the United States through public programs, such as Medicaid and Medicare. Â  This might affect those of low, middle and high income levels because of differences in funding by federal and state governments. For example, Medicaid was launched for low-income population.Discuss the conflict between federal standards for nursing homes and reimbu rsement.The conflict between federal standards for nursing homes and reimbursement is concluded in the fact that federal standards for many nursing home services are nonexistent. Most health care facilities do not meet the standards. As a result, they are not eligible for reimbursement.

Brian Piccolo A Short Story Essay Research

Brian Piccolo A Short Story Essay, Research Paper BRIAN PICCOLO: A SHORT SEASON The book, # 8220 ; Brian Piccolo: A Short Season # 8221 ; by Jeannie Morris, truly depicts how one # 8217 ; s true dream can go shattered by the monstrous disease that has come to be known as Cancer. One might believe that this book is a deadening, no-point book, but rather to the contrary. More books like this one demand to be out on the shelves today to truly exemplify to those healthy people out there that life is non ever merely a bowl of cherries. There are people out at that place enduring and malignant neoplastic disease has ruined, if non taken, there lives. Brian Piccolo was a running back for the Chicago Bears in the late 60 # 8217 ; s. One dark, during a game, # 8220 ; Pic # 8221 ; , as his refrends referred to him, had made two touchdowns on his ain. After his last touchdown, nevertheless ; Pic began to experience light headed and naseaus. Once to the touchdown zone, Brian fell to his articulatio genuss in torment and collapsed. The cause for this was due to a big tumour in his organic structure that turned out to be mallignent. Once the physicians tried to travel on and take the tumour, they were shocked to see that it was the size of a Citrus paradisi. His married woman, Joy Piccolo, stood at his side the full operation and everynight at that place after. Brian and Joy were what most people would name the # 8220 ; ideal # 8221 ; twosome. Brian was the All-American hardworking jock, while Joy was the loving supportive married woman that stood by his side no affair what his successes or failures might convey. Brian lived through the operation, but so the Piccolo’s got another piece of put offing piece of intelligence. What was this piece of intelligence, you might be inquiring yourself. The reply is in the book, â€Å"Brian Piccolo: A Short Season† by Jeannie Morris. This book traces the life and decease of a ace hwo had a dream. A dream to do his loving fans happy and to go a large name in the National Football League. With his friends and household, Brian will populate on. The writer of this book, Jeannie Morris, was a close friend of the Piccolos. Once the full quandary that the Piccolo # 8217 ; s were in was all said and done, Joy asked Jeannie if she would complete the book that Brian started. And the remainder is history. Jeannie completed the book and began a fund that helped in the research of malignant neoplastic disease and in the research to happening the remedy for the deathly disease that comes in so many signifiers. In shutting, one of Pic # 8217 ; s best friends, Gale # 8220 ; Magic # 8221 ; Sayers, went to an awards ceremonial for the George S. Halas award, an award given to jocks who show above mean character, public presentation, stature, and is viewed in the public oculus as a hero. This award was given to Sayers and was quoted as stating this: # 8220 ; I accept the George S. Halas award for Brian Piccolo, a beloved friend of mine. It is mine today, it is his tomorrow # 8230 ; I love Brian Piccolo and I # 8217 ; d like you to love him, excessively. Tonight, when you hit your articulatio genuss, delight inquire God to love him, excessively # 8230 ; # 8221 ; -Gale Sayers, 1970

Public Administration (MSc) area Research Proposal

Public Administration (MSc) area - Research Proposal Example It is provided through organizations with facilities and personnel to offer proper healthcare to people in need (Stone; 131; 2008). Most of the developing countries do not provide adequate basic health care to their population, that is, their public health systems are not functioning as countries such in sub-Saharan Africa have less than three doctors per a population of 10,000 people. Significant losses of medicines due to poorly managed storage and distribution system or are missing in some countries, lack of an effective infrastructure system which is paramount for a worthy health care system. Health amenities in these countries are situated in urban areas far from the rural folks who are most in need of these services as well as they constitute the highest numbers in terms of demography. The political and social-economy structures of these countries hamper access to health services, blocking patients and service providers out. Overcrowded houses, being short of clean water and sewerage treatment leads to spread of diseases and social stigmas especially AIDS make most of the populace to avoid testing and trea tment. In general governments in these countries spending on health care is not a priority due to lack of political will, hence fewer resources are devoted to endemics such as HIV/AIDS or Malaria. Even where health care funds are allocated they end up being unspent due to poor management and bureaucratic ties in the government machinery (Smith;379; 2002). Pharmaceutical firms have been on the fore front of solving the health problems of these countries by giving access to health services and medicines in collaboration with the governments, non-governmental organizations and other international agencies (Jenkins; 90; 1978). Policy makers in Third World Countries have had a low priority and neglect for quality healthcare at the expense of a wider coverage, as well as the health departments of these countries have poor information systems that are not reliable in documentation to assess the quality of health. The observation is that, improvement of quality is equivalent to additional inputs and costs that these countries cannot afford with their economies. For improvement of healthcare quality assurance in developing countries the focus should be on the formulation and review of health policies that are supported by a committed and willing leadership and set up of institutional framework to enable the assessment of quality in the health industry. Only through research which is home based that can help in the development and assessment of new methods to implement quality assurance without necessarily escalating the inputs which are key for quality healthcare (Paquette;59; 2002). Public administration in health care of developing countries should strategize on working along the ministries of health and finance

Sheltering the Deep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sheltering the Deep - Essay Example the use of a phrase or word with application of humour in order to empathise different meaning or different uses of the words that sound the same or are a like (James 4). In the article, the author uses pun in different paragraphs like, â€Å"underwater canyon, bottlenose whales". In this phrase, she uses â€Å"bottlenose whales† to make sure that the readers understand the meaning of the word whales. Another pun used is the â€Å"underwater communities†. Another example of a pun in the article is the illustration of "rich waters". She is trying to explain about the birds that uses water to find food and applies pun for the reader to understand. Assonance is also applied in the report in different parts. In many sentences, the author repeats vowel â€Å"e† and â€Å"i† in different sentences. She has used narrowed and swallowed in the same sentences stating that after the lagoon narrowed then even become shallower. Alliteration is used where by she says, â€Å"race